Sleep disturbances predict increased risk for suicidal symptoms, Stanford study finds

Sleep disturbances can warn of worsening suicidal thoughts in young adults, independent of the severity of an individual's depression, a study from the Stanford University School of Medicine has found.

Sleep problems among young adults at risk for suicide -- especially variation in when they went to sleep and when they woke up -- emerged as a warning sign of worsening suicidal thoughts in the following days and weeks, the study showed.

The study will be published online June 28 in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. The lead author is suicidologist Rebecca Bernert, PhD, Stanford assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences. The senior author is Thomas Joiner, PhD, professor of psychology at Florida State University.

Suicide is the second leading cause of death among young adults, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

"Suicide is the tragic outcome of psychiatric illness interacting with multiple biological, psychological and social risk factors," Bernert said. "Sleep disturbances stand apart from other risk factors because they are visible as a warning sign, yet nonstigmatizing and highly treatable. This is why we believe they may represent an important treatment target in suicide prevention."

Measuring sleep quality

Sleep disturbances have previously been evaluated as a risk factor for suicide, but no prior study has objectively investigated disturbed sleep as a short-term indicator of risk in young adults.

The study collected both objective and self-reported sleep characteristics among young people at a high risk for suicide. The study participants were 50 young adults, ages 18-23, selected from among almost 5,000 undergraduate students enrolled in a university research pool. The participants had a history of suicide attempts or recent suicidal ideation, meaning thoughts of suicide.

The subjects' sleep was objectively assessed for one week, during which participants wore watchlike devices containing an accelerometer to measure their wrist movements while asleep or trying to sleep. The device had been previously validated as an accurate way to distinguish sleep-wake patterns and generate a variety of sleep metrics.

At the start of the study, and seven and 21 days later, participants also answered questionnaires to measure the severity of their suicidal symptoms, insomnia, nightmares, depression and alcohol use.

Study participants who had a high degree of variability in the times at which they fell asleep for the night and the times at which they woke in the morning were more likely to experience suicidal symptoms at the seven- and 21-day marks, the researchers found. Falling asleep at very different times each night was especially predictive of an increase in suicidal symptoms, they said.

The relationships between sleep and suicidal symptoms held even when researchers controlled for the severity of participants' depression, substance use and the severity of their suicidal symptoms at the start of the study.

Participants with a lot of variation in when they fell asleep also reported more insomnia and nightmares, which themselves independently predicted more suicidal behaviors.

"Insomnia and nightmares beget more variability in when we are able to then fall asleep on subsequent nights, which speaks to the way in which insomnia develops," Bernert said. "Sleep is a barometer of our well-being, and directly impacts how we feel the next day. We believe poor sleep may fail to provide an emotional respite during times of distress, impacting how we regulate our mood, and thereby lowering the threshold for suicidal behaviors."

Important to evaluate stand-alone risk factors

"Sleep disturbances and suicidal ideation are both symptoms of depression, making it critical to disentangle these relationships and evaluate factors that stand alone to predict risk," Bernert said.

Her team is currently conducting two suicide-prevention clinical trials to test the efficacy of a brief, non-medication insomnia treatment for suicidal behaviors.

"Treatments tested for suicidal behaviors are alarmingly scarce in comparison with need and remain mismatched to the acute nature of a suicidal crisis," she said. "Compared to other risk factors for suicide, disturbed sleep is modifiable and highly treatable using brief, fast-acting interventions. Because sleep is something we universally experience, and we may be more willing to openly talk about it relative to our mental health, we believe its study may represent an important opportunity for suicide prevention."